Bovine viral diarrhea - a BVD, mucosal disease - Technology Times Pakistan
Bovine viral diarrhea - a BVD, mucosal disease - Technology Times Pakistan |
- Bovine viral diarrhea - a BVD, mucosal disease - Technology Times Pakistan
- NUIG leading €5 million fight against parasitic diseases - Galway Daily
- New species of 'golden death' bacterium digests parasitic worms from the inside out - Science Daily
- 'Significant suffering': experts call for national plan to save wombats from mange - The Guardian
- Canaries in a coal-mine: what can sheep and goats tell us about human parasitic disease in Tanzania? - BugBitten - BMC Blogs Network
| Bovine viral diarrhea - a BVD, mucosal disease - Technology Times Pakistan Posted: 23 Jun 2019 11:15 PM PDT
In Pakistan more than 58 million families are depending upon livestock. Pakistan is blessed with lots of breeds of different animals. The important entities of livestock sectors are buffalo (black gold of Pakistan) cattle, goats (poor man cow), sheep and poultry. All these are facing different infectious and non-infectious diseases. Infectious diseases spread from one animal to other animals and invade the large areas. Pakistan is importing different vaccines against various diseases from different countries. To maintain the cold chain and proper handling of vaccine and medicine is a difficult task. 2 Etiology: Non-cytopathic are important and common biotypes. Only these biotypes cross the placenta and affect the fetus. It causes the reproductive, enteric and congenital diseases. Most of cytopathic viruses are associated with mucosal diseases. Fatal disease causes 80-90% mortality when come in herd. Incidence rate of this disease is 5% but morbidity rate is 100%. The cattle of 8 month – 2 year of age are more affected as compared to 6 month age. Mainly affects Intestine & GIT and cause erosive lesions in oral cavity, intestine and cause enteritis and perfuse acute diarrhea. The 25% of total cases occur in acute form and remaining per acute and chronic cases. When come in herd provide 100% long standing solid immunity. Some strains are immuno suppressant and effect leucocytes (lymphocytes) & some strains are Immuno-tolerance and not detected by immune system of animal body. Virus is there but no receptor founded on lymphocytes for virus and no antibodies developed due to immune-tolerance of strain. Disease commonly occurs in winter season. Mostly effects beef cattle and less in dairy animals. Virus also affects pregnant animal but no effect on conception and no early abortion because virus mostly affects in mid or 3rd trimester in pregnant animal and teratrogenic (Fetus get infection in uterus) effects on fetus. Late pregnancy leads shrinkage of fetus longitudinally. This disease is spread through contamination from nasal secretion, urine and feces. From contamination virus come to alimentary tract and cause erosive lesion in intestine and also enter in to blood stream and cause viremia. Predilection site is intestine and may also affect the oral cavity. When virus lodges, it leads edema development in mucosal epithelium of intestine, gastroenteritis and stomatitis of oral cavity. The inflammation of intestine and severe diarrhea causes death of animal due to severe dehydration. The disease having three types which are named as Per-acute, Acute and Chronic. Acute: in the acute phase of disease there is high temperature 105-106 of (Diphasic fever: An illness characterized by an early elevation in body temperature followed by a later one. It is often caused by systemic bacterial infection.) (Note: Diphasic temperature may occur in parasitic diseases or BVD). Continues fever up to 4-10 days that is illness period in bovine of viral disease. The fall in milk production, anorexia, tachycardia, increase in respiration, peruse and watery diarrhea can be noticed in effected animals. The diarrhea remains persistent for 2-4 days in said disease. In the feces foul swelling and mucous or blood can be seen and due to lesion in oral cavity, cooked appearance of oral cavity can be observed due to lesions in oral cavity. The lesion converted into necrotic lesions and excessive salivation is also there. Lesion heal within 10-40 days, may be muco-purulant discharge from naries, lacrimation, corneal edema, ruminal stasis may occur, severe dehydration and emaciation leads to death of effected animal. Per-acute: In the per-acute phase of disease there is no diarrhea but intestine distended due to mucous accumulation and animal die in 1-2 days without showing clinical signs. Discrete shallow erosions in oral cavity & intestine can be observed in some cases. Chronic: Infected animal may remain carrier of virus for few months but the diarrhea may persist for several months after onset of disease. Anorexia, progressive emaciation, dehydration, dry body coat, may lameness in animals, shallow erosive lesions on secrotem, vulva, prepuceal orifice, in between legs & around dewclaw are most common sign and symptom of disease. Animal may survive up to 18 months with all these lesions. Defective fetus and ocular agenesis, cerebral agenesis, musculoskeletal deformities, micro-cephally, atrophy of limbs, small lower jaw, alopecia, intra uterine growth retardation in fetus can be out comes of this diseases. 3 Differential diagnosis: Highly confusing disease, difficult to differentiate and differentiation can be done by cultured samples. This disease should be differentiated from Rinder pest (eradicated from Pakistan), Bovine Malignant Catarrh, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Salmonellosis, Endo-parasitism and Arsenic poisoning. Treatment: There is no treatment of viral diseases due to this we commonly give symptomatic treatment. Ringer solution should be injected to compensate the water and salt loses. Antibiotics should be given to avoid secondary infections and anti-diarrheal drugs are administered to decrease or to treat the diarrhea. In perfuse diarrhea antibiotic should be given intravenously or intra-muscularly because orally given medicine will be flushed out with diarrhea. Chronic cases of this disease should be culled. The affected animals must be diagnosed and culled to save the remaining herd from infection. Vaccine: The potential vaccination will protect the animal against viremia and target cell (reproductive and lymphatic cells) infection is also blocked. The T and B cells are arms of immune system which become stronger after effective vaccination. B-cells plays key role to neutralize the virus and promote the clearance of herd. Both live and modified virus vaccine are available and vaccination must be done at age of 6-8 month in beef calves. A vigilant vaccination program must apply. If dam is not vaccinated properly than fetus is affected. It gives solid immunity for 3-5 years. Note: In viral disease corticosteroid diversely effect leucocytes and this leads to leucopenia in treated animals. This disease can be prevented by following vaccination and bio security (prevent the disease agent to get enter into herd). Effected animals should be condemned after slaughtering to reduce the infection chances. New animals must be kept in separate sheds (Quarantine period) and monitor them. They may be source of disease in herd. https://www.technologytimes.pk/bovine-viral-diarrhea-a-bvd-mucosal-disease/https://www.technologytimes.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bovine-viral-diarrhea-a-BVD-mucosal-disease.jpg https://www.technologytimes.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Bovine-viral-diarrhea-a-BVD-mucosal-disease-150x69.jpgArticlesBOVINE,BVD,DIARRHEA,disease,Mucosal,viralBVD Disease: Pakistan is developing country and most of economy based upon agriculture sector. Agriculture sector is playing major role to eliminate the poverty. Agricultural sector provides the raw material to run other sectors such as different kinds of industries. This sector is facing lots of challenges such as change...wasim sajjad shahwasim sajjad shahwasimshahhashmi@gmail.comContributorTechnology Times Support us by sharing this content :)  |
| NUIG leading €5 million fight against parasitic diseases - Galway Daily Posted: 19 Jun 2019 04:35 AM PDT Professor John Pius Dalton, a renowned scientist in Infectious Disease, has joined NUI Galway to lead a €5 million project fighting parasitic diseases in humans and livestock.With the support of Science Foundation Ireland Prof Dalton will be heading the creation of a strategy to develop preventative vaccines for parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. "To develop new vaccines we need to understand the basic biology of the interaction between the parasite and its host," Prof Dalton said describing his new role. "From this we can devise vaccines to break this relationship and protect the host, and we now have the molecular, bioinformatics and genetic tools to do this, as well as the technology to manufacture vaccines." Parasitic diseases like worms are one of the most prevalent health conditions around the world, affecting almost two billion people globally. The majority of these occur in regions of the world where households earn less than two dollars a day, such as sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and South America. They have a particularly high morbidity among children, and can severely impact economic potential of these regions, and make health issues related to poverty. Work on this new programme will have the advantage of expertise in infectious diseases already established at NUIG and Teagasc, Athenry, Prof Dalton said. This is a perfect research environment to translate our research into real and practical outcomes in veterinary and human medicine, not only for Ireland but also for much less well-off regions in the world." While infections with parasitic worms, such as pin-worm, may have been common in Ireland over 70 years ago, due to better sanitation and control measures these are, thankfully, now infrequent. However, within the agricultural community parasitic worm infections are all too common – think about the annual advertisements on TV that advise farmers to drug-treat their animals to rid them of fluke, lungworm or other parasites! In fact, Irish farmers spend over €90 million per year to protect their sheep, cattle and pigs from such parasitic diseases. "The ultimate aim is to benefit farmers", says Professor Dalton, "they need better means of detecting diseases on farms so that they can strategically, rather than randomly, treat their livestock." "It saves them money, effort and, in the long term, can help eradicate disease." Professor Dalton was a Professor of Infectious Disease at Queen's University of Belfast and before this he was a Canada Research Chair in Infectious Diseases at the Institute of Parasitology, McGill University. He has also served as Director of the Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Australia. Professor Mark Ferguson, Director General of SFI said it was great to see Prof Dalton "bringing his wealth of knowledge and expertise in infectious diseases to Ireland through the SFI Research Professorship programme." Another aspect of this project will be looking at just how parasitic diseases manage to cling to life inside a host that wants them gone for so long. Parasites can survive up to 20 years in humans and animals and they do this by manipulating the immune responses of their host. Prof Dalton said it was fascinating to see how parasites have evolved to "selectively and effectively control specific arms of the host immune system". Beyond just fighting the parasites themselves, understanding how they suppress the immune system so selectively could have huge implications for treating conditions in humans where the immune system is over-reacting.  |
| Posted: 28 Feb 2019 12:00 AM PST A new species of bacterium, Chryseobacterium nematophagum, has been found to digest its hosts -- roundworm parasites -- from the inside out. The findings, which are presented in the open access journal BMC Biology, suggest that the bacteria may potentially be used in future, to control roundworm infections in animals, plants, and, potentially, humans. Professor Antony Page, University of Glasgow, the corresponding author said: "Nematodes, commonly called roundworms, cause serious chronic diseases in animals and are particularly common in grazing livestock. Some nematodes, such as hookworms, also infect humans. These parasites have developmental stages that naturally feed on bacteria before they infect the final host. This study describes a newly discovered bacterial species, called Chryseobacterium nematophagum -- or golden death bacillus -- that effectively kills a wide range of important nematode parasites." The researchers isolated two new bacterial strains -- JUb129 and JUb275 -- from free-living roundworms found on a rotten apple in Paris, France, and a rotten fig in Bangalore, India. In laboratory experiments, the researchers fed the bacteria, which produce yellow mucoid colonies that have a pungent odor, to larvae of the nematode worm C. elegans, a common model species for the study of nematode pathogens. The authors observed that the C. elegans larvae that fed on the bacteria became immobilized within one hour. Of the exposed larvae, 50% were killed within three to four hours. By seven hours after ingesting the bacteria, all worms had died. After 24 hours, only outline traces of the larvae, representing the worms' exoskeletons -- known as cuticles -- were present. C. elegans worms were not repelled by the presence of C. nematophagum bacteria. In the laboratory experiments, the worms remained on the bacterial lawns cultivated by the researchers and actively ingested the bacteria, which multiplied inside the worms' pharynx and digested them from the inside out. Infection and digestion of the worms' pharynx was followed by rupture of the bacteria into the rest of the body and digestion of the worms' insides, until they had been completely consumed. To investigate which genes might be involved in conferring the nematode-killing ability of C. nematophagum, the authors compared the genomes of the two newly identified species to those of five other Chryseobacterium species that are not known for killing nematodes. They found that C. nematophagum possesses specific genes that encode enzymes which break down chitin and collagen. These genes are part of about 13% of the bacteria's' genome that is unique to C. nematophagum. The authors tested C. nematophagum against a number of different parasitic nematodes, including Trichostrongylid and Strongylid worms, which infect cattle and domesticated animals, and some of which are becoming resistant to worm treatments. These worms were killed by the bacterium in the same way as C. elegans. Professor Page said: "Nematode parasites are very common, cause disease and have an economic impact on livestock rearing. They are mainly controlled by a limited group of drugs called anthelmintics, which are becoming less effective as worms are becoming resistant to many of these drugs. Our findings raise the possibility that C. nematophagum -- or the specific properties that make it highly virulent in many nematode species -- could provide a future means of controlling increasingly problematic parasites that currently are a major burden to public health and the farming industry." Story Source: Materials provided by BioMed Central. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.  |
| Posted: 17 Jun 2019 11:00 AM PDT Last month Grasso wasn't doing well. The bare-nosed wombat, dubbed Fatso in Italian, was infected with mange. The devastating skin disease caused by parasitic mites had left his skin crusted, bleeding and constantly irritated. His eyes and ears were so affected he could barely see, hear or even smell. The nocturnal animal was out grazing during the day, desperate for nutrients because of his raised metabolic rate but he was gradually wasting away. Untreated, he faced a certain and agonising death.  Volunteer wildlife carer Elena Guarracino, from the Looking after our Kosciuszko orphans mange management group, was alerted to Grasso's plight in early May. She set off to find him, somewhere on a property at Avonside in New South Wales. He was in such poor condition that euthanising him could have been considered the kindest option. But Guarracino thought he was plump enough to survive for a while, and so, despite her 120km round trip, she treated him four times over the next 25 days. When she last saw him at the beginning of June, Grasso was much improved. Many of the scabs had dropped off and his fur had regrown. Because his eyes and ears were no longer crusted, he was more alert and trickier to track down but she's certain he's on the mend. Day in, day out, wildlife carers such as Guarracino are fighting the scourge of mange across Australia. Giving up their time, and often their own money, they've taken on the burden of caring for these animals because of a lack of action by state and federal governments.  Now there are calls for a national plan to tackle mange. In February, a national report on wombats and sarcoptic mange was submitted to the Senate committee on Australia's faunal extinction crisis. The report provided a detailed look at the issue and the community's concerns, and proposed a plan for future work. Incoming environment minister Sussan Ley has a clear opportunity to improve the situation for wombats and for their carers – if she makes it a priority. Sarcoptic mange isn't new: it's thought to have been introduced to Australia during colonisation. University of Tasmania researcher Dr Scott Carver isn't sure why but wombats are the most affected marsupial, with impacted populations in NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. Of the three native species, the already critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, the southern hairy-nosed wombat (endangered in NSW) and the bare-nosed wombat, it's the bare-nosed wombat that's been hit hardest. So hard that researchers and welfare groups have stopped calling it the common wombat.   Photograph: Lisa Hogben Yet because there's a lack of population data on bare-nosed wombats or on how many have been affected, mange hasn't been classified as an extinction threat. Associate professor Julie Old, from Western Sydney University, set up WomSat four years ago to encourage citizen scientists to record wombat sightings. She says mange is a serious issue. "We've had documented cases where small populations of bare-nosed wombats potentially can go extinct. So while we are not talking about extinction of the entire species, definitely small islands of wombats can become extinct." Humane Society International has been pushing the federal government to prioritise the issue. "The only legal hook to catalyse things is to address mange as a conservation issue and get it listed on the EPBC Act and that's proving difficult," says Evan Quartermain. In 2014, HSI unsuccessfully nominated the southern hairy-nosed wombat to be listed as a vulnerable species because of the threat of mange and habitat loss. Quartermain describes it as "a precautionary measure" because a mange breakout affecting the southern hairy-nosed wombat, or even the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, could cause extinction. In 2018, HSI tried again, nominating mange as a key threatening process. Again they were unsuccessful, with the scientific committee and department saying the evidence wasn't strong enough that mange would threaten the survival of these species and refusing to prioritise an assessment. "Wombats are stuck in a catch-22 situation where governments aren't taking the threat of mange seriously due to a perceived lack of evidence it will cause extinctions, while the best chance of getting this evidence is for governments to take the threat seriously," says Quartermain. Carver agrees mange can cause localised conservation issues, but he doesn't believe it will cause species-wide extinction because it has existed in Australia for so long and wombats can sometimes co-exist with the disease. The one thing everyone agrees on is that it's an animal welfare issue. "[It] probably causes the most significant animal suffering I can think of any disease," says Carver, "The more I've learnt about it, the more I feel sorry for these animals, and the sheer degree of suffering they go through when they have this." Carver has seen that suffering close up. In 2015, his team set out to eradicate mange from the wombat population in Narawntapu national park in northern Tasmania. Despite their best efforts, they were unsuccessful and the population dropped by about 94%. By 2017, there were only an estimated 10 animals left.  Marie Wynan and her husband run the Jarake wildlife sanctuary near the Glenbog state forest in NSW and she's a director of the Wombat Protection Society. She says she's received increased calls about it because awareness of mange has increased. Wombats are generally treated in the wild – the stress of capture can kill them in their weakened state – and while it's challenging, says Wynan, it's possible because they're territorial animals that often return to the same burrows. The most common way of treating mange is with cydectin, a chemical used to treat cattle and sheep. Carers either pour it onto individual wombats for a number of weeks or into homemade flaps that hang over the entrances to wombat burrows and administer a dose to any animal that goes in and out. It's tricky work and takes dedication: among her other wildlife duties, Wynan does the burrow flaps weekly and is often tracking down individual wombats. It's also costly: 20L of cydectin can cost around $1,200, only enough to cover weekly treatments for around 40 adult wombats. Volunteer carers mostly fundraise to afford the treatments.  Wynan says high dosages are the way to go but there is much debate around this, as well as the frequency and even the efficacy of pouring it onto wombats with their thick, often-dirt encrusted skin. The lack of coordination and direction means well-intentioned volunteers are left to make their own decisions. Quartermain from HSI says while it's inspiring to see wildlife carers doing the work, it's not fair to leave it up to them. "It's almost like amateur scientists are leading the way when we should be having guidelines determined by experts and properly funded support trickling down to the wildlife rehabilitators on the front line. I think a consequence of the government inaction is that we have a volunteer workforce trying to stop mange in wombats wherever they can, when the situation needs national coordination." Despite this lack of action and the complexities of the problem, the community is ploughing on. The Wombat Protection Society is convening a national symposium in Queanbeyan in August, to bring carers, researchers and other concerned parties together. Wynan is hopeful the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority will attend and that they can get approval to use higher dosages.  Carver will attend the symposium, but in the meantime his team is trialling a new treatment. Bravecto is commonly used in domestic animals and it can last for up to three months. Carver says if they can deliver it effectively to wild wombats, it could make a big difference. "It overcomes a major logistical hurdle of trying to treat individuals over time, which is just near impossible." The progress is encouraging, says Quartermain, but the government must step up. The HSI nomination will go before the minister again this year, and he hopes she'll consider it. "Minister Ley has the opportunity in front of her to break this impasse by prioritising assessment of our nomination for the impact of mange on wombats to be a national key threatening process," he says. "Mange is a severely distressing animal welfare issue as well a conservation one, and such an assessment would have the added benefit of helping to alleviate the agony faced by tens of thousands of wombats every year." In the midst of the global biodiversity crisis, action should be taken to help the wombats. As Carver says: "Given it was introduced by European settlers to Australia, it's incumbent on us to try and manage this disease or do something about it, particularly given the really significant suffering that it causes to these animals." Managing all wildlife diseases is challenging, he says, but there's hope. "If we stick with this, we can make some pretty big inroads in our capacity to do something about this, not just the scientists but also the community in general, so I'm optimistic about making some important differences."  |
| Posted: 05 Mar 2019 12:00 AM PST  Sheep and goats are widely kept in Tanzania and are a major source of food and income for pastoralist livestock keepers. However in recent years, livestock keepers have complained of a devastating neurological condition, known as 'ormilo', affecting their flocks, leading to circling, disorientation, seizures and death in affected animals. We were working on a project investigating other livestock diseases in Tanzania when ormilo first came to our attention. In focus groups, farmers living in pastoral areas ranked ormilo as one of their top-five animal health concerns. Farmers reported that the number of cases had increased dramatically in recent years but no one knew what was causing ormilo and no effective treatment had been found. Instead, farmers cut their losses and resorted to selling affected animals for slaughter as soon as they showed early signs of the disease. The level of community concern about ormilo gave us pause for thought. What could be causing this disease? We considered various options but one disease – cerebral coenurosis – stood out as the chief suspect for the disease problem that we were seeing.  Cerebral coenurosis, also known as 'gid' in the UK, is a disease of the nervous system of sheep and goats caused by infection with the larval stages of the cestode tapeworm, Taenia multiceps. Infection with the parasite causes large fluid-filled cysts to form in the brain and spinal cord, which are easily visible to the naked eye . A few years earlier, reports of cerebral coenurosis in sheep and goats had emerged from local abattoirs in Tanzania, which led us to suspect that cerebral coenurosis may be an important contributing cause to the syndrome of ormilo being reported in pastoral communities. So, in response to growing community concern, we launched an investigation in four of our study villages to determine the cause and extent of this disease problem. The results of our investigation, published in the Veterinary Record last month, were shocking. Farmers reported that between 10-34% of their flock had been affected by ormilo within the previous 12 months. This translated to more than 10,000 animals in our four study villages alone. Post-mortem examinations were conducted on a sample of affected animals and confirmed our suspicions – cerebral coenurosis caused by T. multiceps infection was detected in more than 80% of animals showing evidence of neurological disease on clinical examination.  T. multiceps is a parasite with an indirect life cycle . The adult tapeworm lives in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs (the definitive host), which shed the eggs into the environment when they defaecate. Sheep and goats (the intermediate hosts) then ingest these eggs from contaminated pastures and water sources. The parasitic larvae hatch and migrate through the bloodstream to the central nervous system where they form the characteristic fluid filled cysts known as coenuri. Ultimately, infection is fatal in sheep and goats. Dogs then eat the cysts via consumption of the carcass of infected animals, which completes the life cycle. People may also become infected with T. multiceps if they ingest the infective eggs. Although rare, human cases have been reported, with patients typically present with headaches, vomiting and other neurological signs resulting from the cyst formation. Perhaps more worryingly, T. multiceps often co-occurs with another zoonotic cestode parasite – Echinococcus granulosus. Whilst T. multiceps infection is relatively unusual in people, infection with E. granulosus, also known is cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease, is common and a major but neglected public health problem worldwide. T. granulosus and T. multiceps share a very similar life cycle, with dogs as the definitive host and small ruminants as intermediate hosts. Human infection with E. granulosus leads to the development of cysts (known as hydatid cysts) primarily in the liver and lungs, although other organs can be affected too. Unlike T. multiceps cysts which typically cause clinical signs within months following infection, E. granulosus cysts are slow growing and may remain asymptomatic for many years before the infection is uncovered.  East Africa is thought to be a particular hot-spot of infection with E. granulosus but data from Tanzania are scarce and outdated. Studies conducted in pastoral communities in 2003 reported an incidence of 10 cases per 100,000 people. However, this was back in 2003 and before the emergence of Taenia multiceps as a major animal health concern amongst these communities. This emergence of T. multiceps infection as a major cause of mortality in sheep and goats has led us to ask – is this an early warning sign of a hidden parasitic disease problem in people in Tanzania? If so, we could be sitting on a huge public health problem just waiting to emerge. Right now, we don't know the answer to this question but we think we should try to find out…  |
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